Тренировочные упражнения
Тренировочные упражнения
Wishes
Explanations
Wishes about the present
This kind of sentence is similar to a Conditional 2 sentence.
I wish I owned a helicopter. If I owned a helicopter, I would be happy.
I wish I didn’t have to go to school! If I didn’t go to school, I would be happy.
As in Conditional 2 sentences, the past simple form does not refer to past time.
Wishes about the past
This kind of sentence is similar to a Conditional 3 sentence.
I wish I had lived in the eighteenth century! If I had lived in the eighteenth century, I would have been happy.
I wish I hadn’t eaten so much! I feel awful! If I had not eaten so much, it would have been better for me!
Wishes with could
This kind of wish is about a change you would like to make.
I wish I could fly!
I wish I could stay at home tomorrow.
Hope
When we make wishes about the future, we use hope. We do not use conditional sentence rules with hope. It is followed by present simple or will.
I hope the weather will be fine tomorrow.
I hope you have a good time at the party.
If only
We can replace I wish with If only for emphasis. We usually stress only in speech.
If only I owned a helicopter.
If only I hadn't eaten so much!
Practice
1
Choose the correct word or phrase underlined in each sentence.
a) I am sunburnt. I wish I hadn't sunbathed / didn't sunbathe for so long.
b) I don't feel well. I wish I could stay/stayed at home tomorrow.
c) I'm not a good swimmer, but I wish I could swim/would swim well.
d) I wish I had/have a puppy or a kitten!
e) I wish I could see/saw you tomorrow, but it's impossible.
f) I wish Jim didn’t sit/doesn't sit next to me. He's so annoying!
g) If only we had/would have some money we could take the bus.
h) I hope you enjoyed/enjoy yourselves at the dance tomorrow.
2
Choose the correct continuation for each sentence.
a) I've got lots of work to do, and I'm tired, but I can't stop. . . 2. .
1) I wish I had taken a rest. 2) I wish I could take a rest.
b) I wasn't paying attention in class, and now I can't do my homework. . . . . .
1) I wish I listened to my teacher. 2) I wish I'd listened to my teacher.
c) Sarah painted her room green, but she doesn't like it. . . . . .
1) She wishes she'd painted it blue. 2) She wishes she painted it blue.
d) This is a very puzzling problem! . . . . .
1) I wish I'd known the answer. 2) I wish I knew the answer.
e) It's really cold and miserable here in the winter. . . . . .
1) I wish we lived in a warm place. 2) I hope we live in a warm place.
f) I can't repair my bike because I haven't got any tools. . . . . .
1) If only I would have a screwdriver. 2) If only I had a screwdriver.
g) I’m worried about my basketball team. Perhaps they won't win! . . . . .
1) I wish they play well. 2) I hope they play well.
h) You promised not to tell anyone my secrets but you did! . . . . .
1) I wish I hadn't told you. 2) I wish I didn't tell you.
3
Complete each sentence with a suitable form of the verb given.
a) I'm soaked to the skin! If only I (bring) . . . had brought. . . an umbrella!
b) This pullover was really cheap. I wish I (buy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . two of them!
c) I like your school. I wish I (go) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . there too.
d) I must get in touch with Sue. If only I (know) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . her phone number!
e) This bus is really slow! I wish we (take) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the train instead.
f) I'm disappointed in this camera. I wish I (not buy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . it.
g) I answered three questions well. If only I (finish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the whole test!
h) I can't understand anything Marie says! I wish I (speak) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . French.
4
Complete each sentence in a suitable way.
a) I'm hungry. If only …I had a sandwich. . . in my pocket.
b) Enjoy your holiday. I hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . time.
c) This is a lovely place. I wish we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . before.
d) It's a pity you live so far away. If only you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in my street!
e) Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as well as her!
Passive 1
Explanations
Transitive and intransitive
• Verbs which have objects are called transitive verbs. In this sentence, milk is the object.
Diane drinks milk every morning.
• Verbs which do not have objects are called intransitive verbs.
Diane walks to college.
• Only transitive verbs can be made passive.
Passive: formation rules
The passive is formed with the verb be and the past participle. The object of the verb becomes the subject in a passive sentence.
Present simple We build hundreds of houses every year.
Passive Hundreds of houses are built every year.
Past simple The police arrested one protester.
Passive One protester was arrested.
will They will play the match on Wednesday evening.
Passive The match will be played on Wednesday evening.
Present perfect We have chosen Helen as the new president.
Passive Helen has been chosen as the new president.
Present continuous The authorities are questioning two men.
Passive Two men are being questioned by the authorities.
Contexts of use
• Putting emphasis on important information.
Hundreds of houses are built every year by the Government.
In this sentence, it is what was done, the number of houses built, which is given emphasis. Emphasized information usually comes at the the beginning of sentence. Compare:
The Government has built hundreds of houses this year.
In this sentence, more emphasis is given to who did it, the Government.
• Spoken and written
Passive tends to be used more in writing, and in formal speech.
With the agent by
Passive sentences often include information about who did it. This person, thing, organization, etc. is called the agent.
Stones were thrown by angry football fans.
With the instrument with
Passive sentences may include information about what was used to perform an action. This is called the instrument and is introduced using with.
The windows were broken with a baseball bat
Without the agent
• It is not always necessary to mention the agent. There are several reasons for this. The passive is often used because who did it is not known or the speaker does not want us to know, it is obvious, or remains impersonal, perhaps because an authority is involved.
• Not known
Brenda's motorbike was stolen last night.
If we knew who had stolen it, we would mention the name of the person. It is not necessary to add by someone.
• Obvious
One protester was arrested.
It is not necessary to add by the police, because we know that it is always the police who do this. However, some people prefer to include this information.
• Impersonal
Sometimes a group of people is responsible for an action, and who did it is not mentioned.
All school outings have been cancelled.
We assume that the school authorities have made this decision.
Practice
1
nderline phrases which are not necessary in these sentences. Not all sentences contain unnecessary phrases.
a) My wallet has been stolen by someone.
b) We were taught by a different teacher yesterday.
c) Nick was operated on at the hospital by a doctor.
d) The meal was served by a waiter in a red coat.
e) We were shown round the museum by a guide.
f) Two letters were delivered this morning by the postman.
g) Three men have been arrested by the police.
h) Yesterday a window was broken by someone.
2
Complete each sentence with a passive verb.
a) The police questioned George.
George . . . . . . . . . . was questioned. . . . . . . . . . . by the police.
b) Millions of people watch this programme.
This programme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by millions of people.
c) They will finish our new house at the end of the month.
Our new house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at the end of the month.
d) They have elected a new president.
A new president. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e) They are rebuilding the damaged stadium.
The damaged stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f) They have closed the mountain road.
The mountain road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g) Students write most of this magazine.
Most of this magazine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by students.
h) A burglar stole my television.
My television. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by a burglar.
i) Somebody will meet you at the bus-station.
You. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at the bus-station.
j) nited won the cup last year.
Last year the cup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by nited.
3
nderline the errors in sentences. Rewrite each sentence.
a) Many pet dogs are losing every year.
Many pet dogs are lost every year.
b) The ill man was been taken to hospital.
……………………………………………………………………………. .
c) A new bridge is be built across the river.
……………………………………………………………………………. .
d) All the food at the party was ate.
……………………………………………………………………………. .
e) Nothing will being decided before next Saturday.
……………………………………………………………………………. .
f) The match is playing on Friday evening.
……………………………………………………………………………. .
g) The robber unlocked the door by a false key.
……………………………………………………………………………. .
h) This book was writing by Sam's father.
………………………………………………………………………. .
4
Rewrite each sentence beginning with the words given.
a) Archaeologists have discovered a new tomb in the Valley of the Kings.
A new tomb has been discovered by archaeologists in the Valley of the Kings.
b) The President will open the new sports stadium on Saturday.
The new sports stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c) One of the most famous painters in the world painted this portrait.
This portrait. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d) They will announce the results of the competition tomorrow.
The results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e) They are redecorating our school during the summer holidays.
Our school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f) The police in New York have arrested three terrorists.
Three terrorists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g) Our company sells more than a thousand cars every week.
More than a thousand cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
h) They are building a new museum in the city centre.
A new museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i) Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.
Penicillin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
j) Two million people use the London nderground system every day
The London nderground system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 5
Rewrite each sentence with a passive verb, and so that the names of people are not mentioned.
a) The authorities have closed the casino.
The casino has been closed.
b) Someone broke into the flat last week.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) People all over the world speak English.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
d) The authorities have opened the new swimming-pool.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
e) Someone left this purse in the classroom yesterday.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) The city council has banned traffic from the city centre.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
g) People have elected a new government.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
h) The clubs have postponed the match.
Passive 2
Explanations
Verbs with two objects
Some verbs can have two objects. These verbs include: buy, give, lend, offer, sell, take, promise, send.
Peter gave Karen a present.
Peter gave a present to Karen.
Sentences with these verbs can be made passive in two ways.
Karen was given a present by Peter.
A present was given to Karen by Peter.
Problems with passive
• To be born is a passive form but does not have an obvious passive meaning.
I was born in ruguay.
• Some verbs may have a passive form in other languages, but are not translated into passive in English.
have something done
• When a professional person, e. g. a mechanic, a plumber etc. does some work for us, we can use have something done. Have can be used in any tense.
We had our house painted last year.
I'm having my car serviced tomorrow.
I've had my room decorated.
• We also use this for unpleasant happenings.
She had her house broken into.
Tim had his arm broken playing rugby.
Practice
1
Choose the correct word or phrase underlined in each sentence.
a) I'm having my hair cutting/cut/to have cut tomorrow.
b) The children were took/taken/taking to the seaside for the day.
c) I was sending/sent/send here by the manager.
d) Kate is having her car services/servicing/serviced tomorrow.
e) Sue had her windows breaking/broken/broke by vandals.
f) David has been offer/offering/offered a new job in Brazil.
g) Where exactly were you born/did you born/did you bear?
h) I've just had my bike repaired/repair/repairing.
2
Rewrite each sentence beginning and ending as show.
a) Someone stole Bob's bike.
Bob ……. . had his……. . . bike stolen.
b) John lent me this book.
This book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John.
c) The dentist took out one of my teeth yesterday.
Yesterday I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . out.
d) Cairo is my place of birth.
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Cairo.
e) A rock concert ticket was sold to me by a friend.
I was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by a friend.
f) Someone broke into Tom's house last week.
Tom had . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . last week.
g) When is your date of birth?
When exactly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . born?
h) My parents gave me this ring.
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parents.
3
Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning and contains the word given.
a) They are servicing my car tomorrow.
having
I am having my car serviced tomorrow.
b) Yesterday they stole my bike.
had
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c) Last year they painted our house.
had
……………………………………………………………………………………………. .
d) They are taking out my tooth tomorrow!
having
……………………………………………………………………………………………. .
e) They have just cut my hair.
had
……………………………………………………………………………………………. .
f) They are fitting our new carpet tomorrow.
having
……………………………………………………………………………………………. .
g) They have just painted Ann's portrait.
had
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